虽然中国当前在能源领域的南南投资仍主要是煤炭，但巴黎会议的谈判者们应继续鼓励南南合作向低碳和适应气候变化的能力方面发展。国际团体应该让中国及其他新兴投资者参与进来，在能源领域中共同构建转向低碳投资的国际基础设施融资系统。根据经合组织出口信贷准则和“柏林授权书”的经验，一个不具备包容性的气候金融体系解决方案可能会阻碍规则的遵守，而且会降低制定更严格规则意愿。相反，谈判者应该鼓励大家使用公约，以构建出公认的定义，既为新兴机制，也为现存机制提供向低碳能源领域投资的激励。这样的体系可能包含一系列透明的规则，允许各国将特定的低碳国际投资，算作为全球减排作出的“贡献”。在我们看来，金砖国家应该在这次巴黎会议中发挥领导作用，一方面强化他们具有领先优势的低碳技术的转移，另一方面，如果允许的话，可以将投资作为其国家自主贡献预案中的一部分，以使他们在全世界扩大其对低碳经济的贡献范围。对可持续发展和全球共同减缓气候变化来说，鼓励低碳的南南合作投资流向是一次对游戏规则的改变。

引用和注释:

1.UNFCCC. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session” (CP/2010/7/Add.1, 15 March 2011).

2.UNFCCC. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twentieth session” (CP/2014/10/Add.1, 2 February 2015). 

3.Buchner, B., Falconer, A., Hervé-Mignucci, M., Trabacchi, C.& Brinkman, M. “The Landscape of Climate Finance” (Climate Policy Initiative, Venice, 2011).

4.Krasner, S.D. Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables. International Organization36(02), 185-205 (1982).

5.Keohane, R.O. The demand for international regimes. International Organization36(02), 325-355 (1982).

6.Keohane, R.O.& Victor, D.G. The regime complex for climate change. Perspectives on Politics9(01), 7-23 (2011).

7.“The New Great Walls: A Guide to China’s Overseas Dam Industry” (International Rivers, Berkeley, 2012);http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/intlrivers_newgreatwalls_2012_2.pdf. 

8.Strange, A. et al. “China’s Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection” (Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, 2013).

9.Mehrotra, K. “Utilities needing $45 billion turn to China loans: India credit” (Bloomberg, New Delhi, 20 January 2014). 

10.Tan, X., Zhao, Y., Polycarp, C. & Bai, J. “China’s Overseas Investments in the Wind and Solar Industries: Trends and Drivers” (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 2013);http://www.wri.org/publication/china-overseas-investments-in-wind-and-solar-trends-and-drivers.

11.“Report to the U.S. Congress on the Export-Import Bank of the United States and Global Export Credit Competition” (Export-Import Bank of the United States, Washington, DC, June 2014). 

12.Louvel, Y., Brightwell, R. & Aitken, G. “Banking on Coal 2014” (BankTrack, Washington, DC, 2014); http://www.banktrack.org/show/pages/banking_on_coal_2014_report.

13.“能源发展战略行动计划 (2014-2020年)” (China State Council, 19 November 2014); http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2014-11/19/content_9222.htm.

14.“China unveils energy strategy, targets for 2020” (Xinhua News Agency, 19 November 2014);http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-11/19/c_133801014.htm. 

15.Brautigam, D. The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa (Oxford University Press, New York, 2009).

16.Unruh, G.C.& Carrillo-Hermosilla, J. Globalizing carbon lock-in.Energy Policy34(10), 1185-1197 (2006).

17.Davis, S.J.& Socolow, R.H. Commitment accounting of CO2 emissions. Environ. Res. Lett.9(8), 084018 (2014).

18.IPCC. Summary for Policymakers in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Edenhofer, O. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).

19.Law, Y.F. Chinese Foreign Aid: A Study of its Nature and Goals with Particular Reference to the Foreign Policy and World View of the People's Republic of China, 1950-1982 (Breitenbach, Fort Lauderdale, 1984).

20.Morse, J.C.& Keohane, R.O. Contested multilateralism. Rev. Int. Organ.9(4), 385-412 (2014).

21.“Sixth BRICS Summit – Fortaleza Declaration” (Brazil Min. of External Relations, 15 July 2014); http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/media2/press-releases/214-sixth-brics-summit-fortaleza-declaration.

22.“21 Asian countries sign MOU on establishing Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank” (Xinhua News Agency, 24 October 2014); http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2014-10/24/c_133740149.htm.

23.“China pledges 40 bln USD for Silk Road Fund” (Xinhua News Agency, 8 November 2014); http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-11/08/c_133774993.htm.

24.Lan, L. “China to advance climate goals” (The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 10 December 2014); http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2014/12/10/content_281475021871522.htm.

25.Friedman, L. “China launches separate international climate aid fund and sparks ‘interesting’ politics” (ClimateWire, 9 December 2014);http://www.eenews.net/climatewire/stories/1060010175.

26.“楼继伟：域内外国家的积极参与体现亚投行的广泛代表性” (Xinhua News Agency, 20 March 2015); http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2015-03/20/c_1114712336.htm.

27.“三部委联合发布推动共建一带一路的愿景与行动” (China Central Government, 28 March 2015); http://www.81.cn/jwgz/2015-03/29/content_6418074.htm. 

28.Rich, B. The emperor's new clothes: the World Bank and environmental reform. World Policy Journal, 305-329 (1990). 

29.Morris, S.& Pizer, B. “Thinking Through When the World Bank Should Fund Coal Projects”(Center for Global Development, Washington DC, July 2013). 

30.Van Renssen, S. Climate policy confronts competitiveness. Nat. Clim. Chang.4(1), 8-9 (2014).

31.“Report to the U.S. Congress on Export Credit Competition and the Export-Import Bank of the United States” (Export-Import Bank of the United States, Washington, DC, June 2011). 

32.Tvardek, S. “Future Challenges”, in Smart Rules for Fair Trade: 50 Years of Export Credits(OECD, Paris, 2011). 

33.“Joint Fact Sheet on Strengthening U.S.-China Economic Relations” (The White House Office of the Press Secretary, 14 February 2014); https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/02/14/joint-fact-sheet-strengthening-us-china-economic-relations. 

34.Hochberg, F.P. “Official Testimony by to the House Financial Services Committee” (Subcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade, Washington, DC, 24 May 2012); http://www.exim.gov/newsandevents/events/speechesandtestimony/before-house-financial-services-committee-on-international-monetary-policy-trade.cfm.

35.Tyler, J. “The Business View”, in Smart Rules for Fair Trade: 50 Years of Export Credits (OECD, Paris, 2011).

36.UNFCCC. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its first session” (CP/1995/7/Add.1, 6 June 1995).

37.Victor, D.G. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming(Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004).

38.Falconer, A. & Stadelmann, M. “What is Climate Finance? Definitions to Improve Tracking and Scale Up Climate Finance” (Climate Policy Initiative, Venice, 2014); http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Climate-Finance-Brief-Definitions-to-Improve-Tracking-and-Scale-Up.pdf.

39.Christianson, G., Venugopal, S. & Patel, S. “Unlocking Private Climate Investment: Focus on OPIC and Ex-Im Bank’s Use of Financial Instruments” (World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 2013); http://www.wri.org/publication/unlocking-private-climateinvestment-focus-on-opic-and-ex-im-bank.

40.Raustiala, K.& Victor, D.G. The regime complex for plant genetic resources. International Organization58(2), 277-309 (2004).

41.Drezner, D.W. All Politics is Global: Explaining International Regulatory Regimes (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007).

42.UNFCCC. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session” (CP/2007/6/Add.1/Decision 4/CP.13, 14 March 2008). 

43.UNFCCC. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session” (CP/2010/7/Add.1/Para.123b, Para.123c.iv, Para.130b, Para.131, 15 March 2011).

44.“Common Principles for Climate Mitigation Finance Tracking” (Climate Finance Forum, Paris, 3 April 2015); http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Climate/common-principles-for-climate-mitigation-finance-tracking.pdf.

45.“Development Banks Adopt Common Standards to Move Climate Finance Forward”(Climate Finance Forum, Paris, 31 March 2015); http://www.idfc.org/Downloads/Press/02_general/Press_Release_Conclusion_IDFC%20Climate_EN.pdf.

46.Hua, S. “AIIB looks to be efficient, ‘green’” (China Daily, 20 April 2015); http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/us/2015-04/20/content_20476271.htm.

47.Bodansky, D., Hoedl, S., Metcalf, G. & Stavins, R. “Facilitating Linkage of Heterogeneous Regional, National, and Sub-National Climate Policies Through a Future International Agreement” (Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Cambridge, MA, 2014); http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ieta-hpca-es-sept2014.pdf.

48.UNFCCC. “Lima call for climate action” (CP.20, 2014).

49.UNFCCC. “Technical paper: Framework for various approaches” (25 November 2014). 

50.UNFCCC. “Technical paper: Non-market-based approaches” (24 November 2014). 

51.UNFCCC. “Technical paper: New market-based mechanism” (24 November 2014).

52.Schneider, L. Assessing the additionality of CDM projects: practical experiences and lessons learned. Clim. Policy9, 242-254 (2009).

53.Hayashi, D. & Michaelowa, A. Standardization of baseline and additionality determination under the CDM. Clim. Policy13, 191-209 (2013).

54.Hertwich, E.G.& Peters, G.P. Carbon footprint of nations: A global, trade-linked analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol.43(16), 6414-6420 (2009).

55.Barrett, S. Political economy of the Kyoto Protocol. Oxford Review of Economic Policy14(4), 20-39 (1998).

56.Newell, R.G., Pizer, W.A.& Raimi, D. Carbon market lessons and global policy outlook. Science343(6177), 1316-1317 (2014).

57.Peters, G.P., Davis, S.J.& Andrew, R. A synthesis of carbon in international trade. Biogeosciences9(8), 3247–3276 (2012).

58.Jakob, M.& Marschinski, R. Interpreting trade-related CO2 emission transfers. Nat. Clim. Chang.3(1), 19-23 (2013).

59.Davis, S.J., Peters, G.P.& Caldeira, K. The supply chain of CO2 emissions.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.108(45), 18554–18559 (2011)..

60.Ranson, M. &Stavins, R.Linkage of greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: learning from experience. Clim. Policy, 1-17(2014).

61.“Renewables 2014: Global Status Report” (REN 21 Secretariat, Paris, 2014); http://www.ren21.net/portals/0/documents/resources/gsr/2014/gsr2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf.

62.Aizenman, J., Jinjarak, Y. & Marion, N.P. China’s growth, stability, and use of international reserves. Open Economies Review25(3), 407-428 (2014).

63.“Annual Report 2013-2014” (Export-Import Bank of India, no date); http://www.eximbankindia.in/sites/default/files/AR%202013-14%20English%20for%20web%20New.pdf. 

64.“Clean Energy Powers Local Job Growth in India” (Natural Resources Defense Council& Council on Energy, Environment and Water, February 2015); http://www.nrdc.org/international/india/files/india-renewable-energy-jobs-IR.pdf. 

65.“Building Inclusive Green Economies: Success Stories from South-South Cooperation” (U.N. Environment Program, Nairobi, 2013); http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEPSSCSuccess-Stories.pdf.

66.Dauvergne, P. & Farias, D. The rise of Brazil as a global development power. Third World Quarterly33, 903-917 (2012).

致谢：P.M.H. 在研究之初就获得了中国教育部中国政府奖学金的支持，同时受到了普林斯顿大学普林斯顿环境学院沃尔布里奇基金、笹川良一优秀青年奖学基金(Sylff) 的支持。 S.J.D 获得了中国科学院应用生态研究所为年轻国际杰出科学家提供的奖学金。普林斯顿大学的碳减排倡议为数据提供了资金。感谢 Robert Socolow, Robert Keohane, Sarah Batterman, Vyoma Jha, Lavanya Rajamani, and Bryce Rudyk 提供的有用反馈。 

作者贡献: P.M.H. 同Z.L.协商设想了本项目并进行分析、写成论文； M.O., S.J.D. 和Z.L. 在论证框架和编辑方面提供了大量知识内容；Z.L. 和M.O. 共同提出了建议。